When seed becomes capital: Commercialization of Bt cotton in Pakistan
نویسندگان
چکیده
The multinational Monsanto effectively used a (non-existent) patent in Pakistan to block approval of locally developed genetically modified (GM) cotton seeds during 2002–2010, despite their immense popularity with farmers. also (unsuccessfully) tried negotiate an arrangement the Pakistani government that would create conditions under which could operate without subjecting itself market vicissitudes. denied biosafety local GM seeds, but concerns were just mask cover government's reluctance infringe Monsanto's patent. Thus, farmers now purchase new only from informal where quality assurance was lacking. They dispossessed right legally buy, use, and save seeds. Farmers' dispossession prerequisite seed. seed had become capital, so its use possible within capitalist relations production. This paper provides empirical evidence continuing process through combination state power institutions.
منابع مشابه
Genetic diversity analysis of Bt cotton genotypes in Pakistan using simple sequence repeat markers.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Journal of Agrarian Change
سال: 2021
ISSN: ['1471-0366', '1471-0358']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12422